Analysis of the karst aquifer structure of the Lamalou area (Hérault, France) with ground penetrating radar   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Walid Al-fares  Michel Bakalowicz  Roger Gurin  Michel Dukhan 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2002,51(2-4)

The study site at Lamalou karst spring (Hortus karst plateau) is situated 40 km north of Montpellier in France. It consists of a limestone plateau, drained by a karst conduit discharging as a spring. This conduit extends for a few dozen meters in fractured and karstified limestone rocks, 15 to 70 m below the surface. The conduit is accessible from the surface. The main goal of this study is to analyze the surface part of the karst and to highlight the karstic features and among them the conduit, and to test the performances of ground penetrating radar (GPR) in a karstic environment. This method thus appears particularly well adapted to the analysis of the near-surface (<30 m in depth) structure of a karst, especially when clayey coating or soil that absorbs and attenuates the radar is rare and discontinuous. A GPR pulseEKKO 100 (Sensors and Software) was used on the site with a 50-MHz antenna frequency. The results highlight structures characterizing the karstic environment: the epikarst, bedding planes, fractured and karstified zones, compact and massive rock and karrens, a typical karst landform. One of the sections revealed in detail the main conduit located at a depth of 20 m, and made it possible to determine its geometry. This site offers possibilities of validation of the GPR data by giving direct access to the karstic conduits and through two cored boreholes. These direct observations confirm the interpretation of all the GPR sections.  相似文献   

A Tertiary asthenospheric flow beneath the southern French Massif Central indicated by upper mantle seismic anisotropy and related to the west Mediterranean extension   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Guilhem Barruol  Michel Granet 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,202(1):31-47

Upper mantle flow beneath the French Massif Central is investigated using teleseismic shear wave splitting induced by seismic anisotropy. About 25 three-component stations (short period, intermediate and broadband) were installed during the period 1998-1999 in the southern Massif Central, from the Clermont Ferrand volcanic area to the Mediterranean Sea. Teleseismic shear waves (SKS, SKKS and PKS) were used to determine the splitting parameters: the fast polarization direction and the delay time. Delay times ranging between 0.7 and 1.5 s have been observed at most of the sites. The azimuths of the fast split shear waves trend homogeneously NW-SE in the southern Massif Central suggesting a homogeneous mantle flow beneath this area. The observed NW-SE direction differs from the N100°E Pyrenean anisotropy further south. It does not appear to be correlated to Hercynian structures nor to the present-day motion of the plate but is well correlated to the Tertiary extension direction. We propose that the opening of the western Mediterranean induced by the rotation of the Corsica-Sardinia lithospheric block and the roll-back to the SE of the Tethys slab may have generated a large asthenospheric mantle flow beneath the southern Massif Central and a deflection of the up going plume centered beneath the northern Massif Central toward the SE.  相似文献   

Compaction in a mantle with a very small melt concentration: Implications for the generation of carbonatitic and carbonate-bearing high alkaline mafic melt impregnations     

Michel RabinowiczYanick Ricard  Michel Grégoire 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2002,203(1):205-220

Xenoliths entrained in alkaline basalts and kimberlites give strong evidence that mantle carbonatitic and carbonated high alkaline mafic silicate melts, which are initially produced at very low degrees of partial melting (?1%), percolate and accumulate to form impregnations with a melt concentration of up to 10%. At present no compaction model has explained such huge local amplification of melt concentration. Recently, Bercovici et al. [1] have shown that the commonly used equations of compaction are not sufficiently general to describe all melt percolation processes in the mantle. In particular, they show that, when the melt concentration in the mantle is very low, the pressure jump ΔP between the solid and liquid fractions of the mantle mush is very important and plays a driving role during compaction. 1-D compaction waves generated with two different systems of equations are computed. Three types of wave-trains are observed, i.e. (1) sinusoidal waves; (2) periodic waves with flat minima and very acute maxima (‘witch hat waves’); (3) periodic solitary waves with flat maxima and extremely narrow minima (‘bowler hat waves’). When the initial melt distribution in the mantle is quite homogeneous, the compaction waves have sinusoidal shapes and can locally amplify the melt concentration by a factor less than two. When there is a drastic obstruction at the top of the wetted domain, the pressure jump ΔP between solid and liquid controls the shape of the waves. If the computation assumes the equality of pressure between the two phases (ΔP=0), the compaction wave has a ‘bowler hat shape’, and locally amplifies the melt concentration by a factor less than 5. Alternatively, simulations taking into account the pressure jump between phases ΔP predict compaction waves with ‘witch hat shape’. These waves collect a large quantity of melt promoting the development of magmons with local melt concentration exceeding 100× the background melt concentration. It is inferred that in a mantle with very low concentrations of carbonatitic or high alkaline mafic silicate melt the magmons are about 1 km thick and reach, in less than 1 Ma, a melt concentration of about 10%. The magmons are likely generated below the lithosphere at some distance away from the center of hot spots. This can explain the development of mantle carbonatitic eruptions in the African rift and the carbonatite and high alkaline mafic silicate volcanic activity in oceanic islands.  相似文献   

Building damage from the Marmara, Turkey earthquake of August 17, 1999     

Michel Bruneau 《Journal of Seismology》2002,6(3):357-377

The objective of this paper is to provide a brief overview of damage as observed immediately following the earthquake. Detailed studies of structural seismic performance, conducted in the time elapsed since August 1999, are not the subject of this paper, but rather the object of other papers presented in this Special Issue of the Journal. Damage to reinforced concrete, masonry, and steel structures, is described. The mode the failure presented include: foundation failures; soft stories; strong beams and weak columns; lack of column confinement and poor detailing practice; buckling and fractures of steel members; and non-structural damage. Some general lessons learned from this earthquake are also formulated.  相似文献   

Surface Matching and Change Detection Using a Modified Hough Transformation for Robust Parameter Estimation   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

Ayman F. Habib  Yong-Ran Lee  & Michel Morgan 《The Photogrammetric Record》2001,17(98):303-315

Many photogrammetric and GIS applications, such as city modelling, change detection and object recognition, deal with surfaces. Change detection involves looking for differences between two surface models that are obtained from different sensors, for example an optical sensor and a laser scanner, or by the same sensor at different epochs. Surfaces obtained through a sampling process may also have to be compared for future processing (for example transformation parameter estimation and change detection). Surface matching is therefore an essential task in these applications. The matching of surfaces involves two steps. The first step deals with finding the correspondences between two surface points and/or patches. The second step requires the determination of transformation parameters between the two surfaces. However, since most surfaces consist of randomly distributed discrete points and may have different reference systems, finding the correspondences cannot be achieved without knowing the transformation parameters between the two surfaces. Conversely, deriving the transformation parameters requires the knowledge of the correspondence between the two point sets. The suggested approach for surface matching deals with randomly distributed data sets without the need for error prone interpolation and requires no point-to-point correspondence between the two surfaces under consideration. This research simultaneously solves for the correspondence and the transformation parameters using a Modified Iterated Hough Transform for robust parameter estimation. Several experiments are conducted to prove the feasibility and the robustness of the suggested approach, even when a high percentage of change exists.  相似文献   

Experimental fragmentation of crystal- and vesicle-bearing silicic melts     

Caroline Martel  Donald B. Dingwell  Oliver Spieler  Michel Pichavant  Max Wilke 《Bulletin of Volcanology》2001,63(6):398-405

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Coarse carbonate breccias as a result of water-wave cyclic loading (uppermost Jurassic – South-East Basin, France)     

Frédéric Bouchette  Michel Séguret  & Alexis Moussine-Pouchkine 《Sedimentology》2001,48(4):767-789

In the uppermost Jurassic of the central part of the South-East Basin of France, an association of lime mudstone beds, calcarenite beds and coarse carbonate breccia bodies form an informal stratigraphical unit called the 'Barre Tithonique'. In the 'Barre Tithonique', gradual transitions from lime mudstone or calcarenite to breccia show different stages of deformation leading to progressive brecciation of the original lithologies. The study of the breccia facies, and the observed gradual transitions as a whole, document a new early diagenetic process in carbonate environments, resulting from water-wave and seabed interaction. Water-wave induced brecciation and its abundance in the 'Barre Tithonique' indicate that sea–seabed interaction was significant. Comparison with modern studies of the mechanics of wave–seabed interaction suggests that water depth was less than 200 m. It is demonstrated that sedimentary features such as channel-like structures, previously interpreted as being the result of erosion and deposition of mud-flows, were in fact produced by wave-induced, in situ reworking of lime mud, without any significant unidirectional flow or gravity induced displacement.  相似文献   

Nonparametric estimation of generalized covariances by modeling on-line data     

Paul Chiasson  Michel Soulié 《Mathematical Geology》1997,29(1):153-172

Structural analysis of data displaying trends may be performed with the help of generalized increments, the variance of these increments being a function of a generalized covariance. Generalized covariances are estimated primarily by parametric methods (i. e., methods searching for the best coefficients of a predetermined function), but also may be computed by one known nonparametric alternative. In this paper, a new nonparametric method is proposed. It is founded on the following principles: (1) least-squares residues are generalized increments; and (2) the generalized covariance is not a unique function, but a family of functions (the system is indeterminate). The method is presented in a general context of a k order trend in R^d, although the full solution is given only fork = I in Rⁱ. In Rⁱ, higher order trends may be developed easily with the equations included in this paper. For higher dimensions in space, the problem is more complex, but a research approach is proposed. The method is tested on soil pH data and compared to a parametric and nonparametric method.  相似文献   

Geochemistry, genesis, and health implications of fluoriferous groundwaters in the upper regions of Ghana   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：9  

W. B. Apambire  D. R. Boyle  F. A. Michel 《Environmental Geology》1997,33(1):13-24

 The most appropriate and widely used source of drinking water for the populations of the upper regions of Ghana is groundwater. In general, groundwater quality is acceptable except for some parts of the Bolgatanga and Bongo Districts, where there are occurrences of elevated levels of natural groundwater fluoride. Concentrations of groundwater fluoride in excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) maximum guideline value (1.5 mg/l) in the Bongo area have been known since 1978. However, the effect of fluoride on people ingesting the water did not receive public and medical attention until October 1993, when health personnel were asked to investigate the cause of stained teeth in school children. The investigation established that 62% of the total population of school children in the Bongo area had dental fluorosis. Against this background, a study was initiated to understand the geochemistry, genesis, and distribution of fluoride in relation to the geology of the area. Groundwater fluoride in the upper regions ranges from 0.11 to 4.60 ppm, with the highest concentrations associated with the fluorine-enriched Bongo coarse-grained hornblende granite and syenite suite. The source of groundwater fluoride within the Bongo granitoids is dissolution of the mineral fluorite and dissolution of and anion exchange with micaceous minerals and their clay products. Applying the WHO recommended guideline values for fluoride in drinking water reveals that 49% of wells in the area deliver water below the optimum level of 0.5 mg/l F^–; these populations are thus prone to dental caries. Twenty-eight percent of the wells fall within the optimum interval for good dental health (0.5–1.5 mg/l F^–). Twenty-three percent of the wells have concentrations above the recommended maximum guideline limit of 1.5 mg/l F^–; this population is susceptible to dental and possibly skeletal fluorosis. Climatic conditions of the area suggest that the individual water consumption is in the order of 3 to 4 l which is higher than the WHO estimate of 2 l/adult/day. In addition, dietary intake for the upper region population is probably higher than WHO baseline values (0.2–0.5 mg/day). This implies that a much higher population is susceptible to developing dental and skeletal fluorosis than originally suspected. Geochemical symbol plot maps help geochemists understand factors controlling the distribution and uptake of fluoride in the upper regions, but they are of minimal value to health officials responsible for planning epidemiological studies and dental health education programs in the region. By casting fluoride data into contoured 'geochemical health-risk maps' using intake interval guidelines more closely aligned to regional climatic and dietary conditions, health officals can better judge the impacts (regional and population based) of fluoride on segments of the population, such as various sex and age groups. Received: 11 March 1997 · Accepted: 17 June 1997  相似文献   

Early and late Holocene water-level fluctuations of Lake Annecy, France: sediment and pollen evidence and climatic implications     

Michel Magny  André Marguet  Gilles Hervé Chassepot  Yves Billaud 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(2):215-227

Early and late Holocene water-level changes in Lake Annecy, France, were reconstructed from a sediment sequence from Annecy. Two early Holocene successive rises in lake level at ca. 8900-8700 BP are recorded. Another increase in lake level, beginning at ca. 780 BP, is documented. The higher lake-level conditions in Lake Annecy during the 9th millennium BP, i.e. between the Preboreal oscillation and the 8200 yr event, appear to coincide with a more widespread cooling period which has been recorded in western Europe, in the Greenland ice-sheet and the North Atlantic ocean. The rise in lake level at ca. 780 BP can be related to the early Little Ice Age.  相似文献